Self-sufficiency concerning
information. Independent SYSTEMs are closed to information.
variation outside the boundaries of independent systems do not affect the variation within. There is no
input. In statistics, two
variables are independent if the concurrence of their values is mere
chance, e.g., zero
correlation . In logic and set theory, two variables are independent if the
relation between them is the mere
cartesian product of two properties. Two individuals are independent if each does what he wants to do, neither having to consider the
behavior of the other. A clock is designed to be independent of variation in temperature, geographical location including gravity while it is correlated with other clocks and communicating its
output state s to an observer. Independent systems may be a source but not the receiver of
communication (
see closed system ,
closure ). (
Krippendorff )).
